I. GENERAL MEDICAL POSSIBILITIES 

1. Chronic Pain:Some students resist school and other activities as a result of being in chronic pain.

2.Fatigue: Some students resist school and other activities as a result of fatigue (e.g., insufficient sleep).

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II. COGNITIVE/SELF-REGULATORY POSSIBILITIES

1.Inhibition Impairment: Some students may resist school as a result of inhibition impairment (i.e., impulse-control problems). (See Tutorials on Self-Regulation; Impulsiveness/Disinhibition)

2.Weak Orientation to Task: Some students may resist school as a result of disorientation or uncertainty regarding what is required of them. (See Tutorials on Language Comprehension; Organization)

3.Generally Weak Cognitive and Academic Functioning: Some students may resist school as a result of excessive demands placed on their memory, organizational ability, academic skill, or other cognitive ability. They may experience frequent failure in school. (See Tutorials on Cognition; Memory; Organization)

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III. BEHAVIORAL POSSIBILITIES

1.Oppositionality: Some students may resist school as a result of oppositional behavior (See Tutorials on Behavior and Behavior Problems after TBI; Behavior Management: Prevention Strategies)

2.Attention Seeking: Some students may resist school as a means of obtaining adult and/or peer attention. (See Tutorials on Attention; Behavior Management: Prevention Strategies; Behavior Management: Contingency Management)

3.Manipulativeness: Some students may resist school as a form of manipulation. (See Tutorials on Teaching Positive Communication Alternatives to Negative Behavior; Behavior Management: Prevention Strategies)

4.Task Avoidance: Some students may resist school as a way to avoid specific tasks. (See Tutorials on Noncompliance; Errorless Learning; Problem Solving; Behavior Management: Prevention Strategies; Behavior Management: Contingency Management)

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IV. SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL POSSIBILITIES

1.Depression: Some students may resist school because they are upset, depressed, and/or lack positive relationships with peers and/or adults. (See  Tutorials on Depression; Peer Relationships) Young children often manifest depression by acting out. 

2.Anxiety: Some students may resist school as a result of anxiety.(See Tutorial on Anxiety)

3.Frustration: Some students may resist school as a result of feeling frustrated. (See Tutorials on Self Regulation/Executive Function Routines after TBI; Teaching Positive Communication Alternatives to Negative Behavior)

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